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Thursday 27 September 2012

Rousseau’s views on freedom


Rousseau’s views on freedom       
                                       
According to Rousseau, people combine together to form a social contract under which everyone foregoes, same amount of freedom and has same responsibilities. Foregoing some freedom for protection of the society is not subjugation to slavery. Rousseau avers that administration should be divided into two parts consisting of sovereign who represents the whole of the general will and the government, which represents the authority to deal with particular matters like Law. While the sovereign has the legislative authority, the government will be the executive.

Rousseau says that the strength of the government is derived from the people and is absolute. The monarchy has the greatest power while the democracy has the least power. Since bifurcation of administration into sovereignity and government is advocated, he says that the power of the government depends on the size of the bureaucracy. He therefore advocates aristocracy or monarchy type of administration to take care of this relationship between the bureaucracy and the government (Wraight, 2008).

But it must be understood that Rousseau used these words (Wraight, 2008), aristocracy, democracy and monarchy in connotations different from traditional one. By monarchy and aristocracy, he means forms of democratic governments like the presidential governments or cabinet ruled governments of the present day. By democracy, he meant direct democracy where people select the head of the government directly and not the representative form of government.

Rousseau prefers different types of governments for different types of states. He feels that small city states offer the best atmosphere for individual freedom to flourish. For states larger than city states, he advocates an elected aristocracy and for very large states a benevolent monarch, all of them however being subservient to Law(Wraight, 2008).

Comparison of thoughts of Hobbes and Rousseau
Hobbes was a staunch advocate of monarch in its native form in the sense that King can almost be considered divine (Hobbes, 1651). That is why he extols the merits of monarchy over aristocracy and democracy. Rousseau on the other hand has no propensity towards any type of system but advocated different types of administration for different sizes of the states. His upholding of the superiority of law over the head of any type of government clearly shows he is a true democrat (Wraight, 2008).

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Tuesday 18 September 2012

Hobbes Views on Freedom


Hobbes discusses mainly the freedom of man vis-à-vis sovereignity. According to him, people collectively constitute a commonwealth to provide for defense of and peace to the people. The commonwealth vests the power of ensuring such defense or peace to a person or a group of persons, called as Sovereign (Hobbes, 1651). The sovereign has the power to do anything he deems fit to ensure defense of or order in the commonwealth. The sovereign is so powerful that all rights of an individual stand transferred to him except the right of self preservation.

Hobbes says that commonwealth can be formed by force as well as by agreement among the people. In the first case, the sovereign established the commonwealth by force. If the people do not oppose the acquisition and overpower the sovereign it means that they consented for it (Hobbes, 1651). In the second case, formation of commonwealth by agreement is an effort by man to get him out of the shackles of nature. Thus the element of consent is present in both types of commonwealth and forms the basis for the social contract. Both forms of sovereignity have the same function in protecting their subjects and ensuring peace and also same rights in relation to their subjects.

Hobbes lays down the rights of the sovereign (Hobbes, 1651). The subjects are bound to be loyal to him and can never be freed from that obligation. The sovereign lays down all legislative rules. The sovereign is entrusted with judicial powers in all controversies. The sovereign has the power to reward or punish his subjects. The sovereign may choose his own counselors. He has the power to make all civil and military appointments. The sovereign is the final authority on philosophical or scientific pronouncements and can censor such doctrines which he thinks are inimical to public peace. The sovereign is the ultimate authority on making war or peace with other commonwealths. The sovereign cannot be put to death but at the same time should not be unjust or injure any innocent subject. Overall, the sovereign is the foundation of all true knowledge and embodiment of power in ensuring civil peace.

 According to Hobbes (1651), there are three kinds of sovereignity—monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. All other types of sovereignities can be fitted with one of these three categories. Hobbes puts his bet on monarchy as the best of these sovereignities. He ascribes several reasons for his judgement. In monarchy, sovereign will be better advised by his counsels, but their selection lies in his hands and he can always take their advice in private .This is not possible in case of other sovereignities. The policies of a monarch will be more consistent because they emanate from one mind. Also the possibility of a civil war in monarchy is remote.

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Wednesday 12 September 2012

Shays’s Rebellion


                                                  Shays’s Rebellion

Shays’s Rebellion was an armed revolt that took place in Western Massachusetts from August 29, 1786 to February 3, 1787. The rebellion was called so after the name of its leader Daniel Shays.

 Shays rebellion(Foner, 2006; Richards, 2002, Zinn, 1985)  had its origins in the deteriorating economic conditions in America in the post revolution period. The position in Massachusetts was much worse. The farmers were badly hit due to failure of crops. Even for the produce brought to markets, there were no fair prices. The farmers had to sell their lands at abnormally low prices to survive. They were deep in debts and had no resources to repay.

 The State met the Civil war expenses by borrowing money from wealthy people against Issue of notes. These notes came for payment in 1786. The State had no resources to repay .So they imposed additional taxes on the people, which affected the small farmers very sadly (Foner, 2006; Richards, 2002, Zinn, 1985). The other states responded to this type of situation by postponing debt and mortgage repayment. But the governments in Massachusetts initiated no such relief measures. When the farmers failed to repay the loans, the borrower filed cases in courts. The courts issued warrants for their arrests and many of them were jailed.
 The disgruntled farmers revolted. The farmers gathered arms and seized control of the court houses so that judgements from courts ordering imprisonment of farmer for failure to repay the debts or failure to repay government taxes can be stopped. The judicial process came to a stand still. The revolt was led by Daniel Shays, an ex-army man and so was called Shays’s rebellion (Foner, 2006; Richards, 2002, Zinn, 1985).
 The situation was aggravated by the action of Governor Bowdoin, who instead of helping the debt ridden farmers through debt relief measures, ordered that the State debts should be paid and defaulters of taxes should be punished with foreclosure of their farms and jail. The rebels even tried to attack Springfield armoury and take away weapons from there (Foner, 2006; Richards, 2002, Zinn, 1985).

The revolt of the farmers sent tremors through the governments. Several misrepresentations of the intentions of the rebels were made. Some people pictured the rebellion as the fight of the landless to snatch lands from the landowners and distribute them equally (Foner, 2006; Richards, 2002, Zinn, 1985). Some people misrepresented as an instigation by the erstwhile British settlers, who wanted to the newly born America to be unsettled. But nobody gave the right picture to the Government at the centre. Even George Washington could be misled on the real reasons for the rebellion.

The main argument of the given passage is that the National leaders were very much perturbed by the Shays’s rebellion. They looked at it as an effort to level the inequalities in the new nation. They were appalled by the inability of the State Government to deal with the situation. Their fears led to the idea of the need for strong Central Government and subsequent developments led to the writing of the United States Constitution(Foner, 2006; Richards, 2002, Zinn, 1985).

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Saturday 8 September 2012

Millennium Goals of United Nations


  (1)            Regarding the status of work towards achieving Millennium goals, UN secretary General cautioned that “the financial, food and climate crises have set back efforts towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDG s) and threaten future process”.
               I agree with this statement because the recent recession led to virtual chaos in financial markets which upset plans on all fronts. Food and climatic crises are no exception to this. While there is considerable progress made by countries like China and India, the African regions are lagging behind .Unless these goals are achieved on an even keel in all regions one cannot say that there is an equitable growth and the goals have reached.

(2) The UN’s work towards achieving sustainability is not progressing according to expectation. Climate change remains a major threat to sustainability. It is quite likely that several island countries, land locked countries and least developed countries would miss their targets. Criticizing this progress , the UN secretary General  Ban Ki-moon in his millennium development goals report was quite forthright in his comment that the improvements in the lives of the poor have been unacceptably slow and some hard-won gains are being twittered away by the climate ,food and economic crises.

(3) In my opinion, climate change and the issue of including women are the most pressing sustainability issues facing the world. It is quite clear that environment attracting a lot of focus and attention by United Nations organization as well as individual countries has long been neglected and has become the source of unpredictable climatic changes in the world. Goals usually are fixed taking into account the positive side of action while discounting the hurdles that one may face on his way to the goal. Goal –setting thus becomes one-sided and when we come across some hurdles, we will be thrown off our path and the time taken to reach our goal will be affected and goal-reaching takes a longer time than planned. Recent recession, natural disasters, global warming, conflicts in some areas between countries are some of the examples of such hurdles. One can verify from the Millennium Development Goal document and find that none of these are mentioned while setting the goals. The goal-setting thus is unrealistic and quite unlikely to be attained in time.

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Wednesday 5 September 2012

Value Chain Management General Motors


According to Porter’s Generic value chain, the firm’s activities can be classified into two types (1.)Primary activities and (2.)Support activities (“ES&OR483  Strategy and Marketing Primer (version 3.0),2010).
Primary activities comprise of (a.)Inbound logistics dealing with raw materials supply,(b.)Operations, (c.)Outbound Logistics, (d.) Marketing & Sales, (e.) Service.
             These activities are to be supported by support activities comprising of (1.)Infrastructure of the firm,(2.)Human Resource Management,(3.)Technology Development and (4.)Procurement of Inputs.
              The company made many efforts to integrate their information technology. Not much is available about other links in the value chain, particularly primary activities(Laudon.K.C.& Laudon.J.P.,2010).
                It  may be noted that value chain management is mainly for entities which want to pursue a core competitive advantage.The value chain is useful for increasing the margin of profit.The value chain management aims at setting right  the chinks in the value chain links saving costs, thereby giving cost advantage to the firm(“ES&OR483  Strategy and Marketing Primer (version 3.0),2010)..
            But unfortunately GM’s problems are totally different.Its market share suffered a huge dent over the years.Its technology is outdated(Laudon.K.C.& Laudon.J.P.,2010).It has a huge non-contributive retired work force to whom they pay huge amounts and huge operational losses. The company has to take up rebuilding in almost all activities before on can speak of value chain management in relation to the company(Laudon.K.C.& Laudon.J.P.,2010).
          The fact is that General Motors with all the problems is perhaps nearing the end of its existence.It is almost impossible to resuscitate the company unless it is restructured with a massive government aid.

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Sunday 2 September 2012

Steps for Recovery from Virus Infection


The elements of a disaster recovery plan that are required for recovery from a virus infection are:
  • There should be security awareness program to reduce the vulnerabilities in security through educating personnel and also through promotion of good security practices.this awareness of security should be an ongoing process,
  • There should be effective heads up computing attitude which has backing up of data as its major function.
  • Full system restores and drive imaging and good archiving are some methods of backing up data. There should be two sets of backups for critical data –one live set and another set at an offsite location which is secure like safety-deposit box. It should be made sure that backups are rotated on a regular basis to protect from theft, fire or site-specific disasters.
  • The Wizard in Windows XP is to be considered if critical data is taken as back up.
  • There should be commitment from the management to the disaster recovery planning.
  • There be ranking of business processes and there should be classification of data as highly confidential, confidential, internal and public.
  • Minimum resources which are required should be identified.
  • The user plan as well as the data center plan should be prepared.
  • The prepared plan should be tested.

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